English
A reversed capacitor will not just fail — it will explode. A reversed diode will short the rail the moment power comes on. A reversed IC will smoke, melt the package, and take out every component within a centimeter of it.
A PCB is only as good as the components on it. Counterfeit semiconductors, recycled ICs with altered markings, substandard passives, and moisture-damaged packages are not rare — they are a daily reality in global electronics supply chains. This artic