English
ICT (In-Circuit Test) measures individual component values through a bed-of-nails fixture — catching wrong resistors, reversed diodes, and solder shorts in seconds. FCT (Functional Test) powers up the board and validates it performs its intended func
PCB testing is not a luxury — it is the line between shipping confidence and shipping risk. This guide maps the full testing pyramid from incoming QC through SPI, AOI, ICT, FCT, and system-level validation, explaining what each stage catches and why